The Costs Controlling Methods Essay Example

The Costs Controlling Methods Essay Example The Costs Controlling Methods – Essay Example The paper "The Costs Controlling Methods" is a good example of an essay on finance and accounting. Proper bookkeeping creates notable and remarkable differences in smooth operations with lots of sustainability when it comes to the administrative functions of a business organization. By getting informed of where the cash business money and funds are coming from as well as going to, an accountant can easily streamline his or her accounting activities. The costs controlling methods play significant roles in the maintenance of good reputation and getting rid of disputes arising on legal matters. The standard rule in accounting is that liabilities get recorded on the debit side of a cash book and at the same time invoiced as an expense (Hoggett). For the case of assets, the get debited on the cash book and invoiced as income. Liabilities are always regarded as costs since they involve cash flowage outward or from the business accounts or even the business cash at hand being given away. Fo r the case of assets, they are considered as income since they involve money flowing into the company, which can be through sales and other interests gained on loans (Hoggett). In this case, there is a brokerage fee of $3,000 when a corporation (publicly listed) issued bonds. This particular brokerage fee is considered as an expense since it involves the flow of cash from the business to the individual broker who identifies a potential customer to buy the bonds from the company. Therefore, it means that the $3,000 is a liability that must be expensed on the invoice. The amount received from selling the bond or rather the price of the bond is invoiced as revenue to the firm (0-edu.knotia.ca.orca.douglascollege.ca). The net value of the bond is therefore gotten by finding the difference between the selling price of the bonds and the brokerage fee. The brokerage fee in the process of selling the bonds is considered as a transaction fee. This is mainly because the to get a client and pe rsuade as well as convince him or her to buy them at the prevailing price set by the business organization some fee must be incurred. These particular fees are what get regarded as transaction costs in the matter. Therefore in the process of making an invoice, they are invoiced as expenses.

Biological warfare (BW) Essays - Biological Warfare, Bioethics

Biological warfare (BW) Essays - Biological Warfare, Bioethics Biological warfare (BW) also known as germ warfare is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacterial toxins or infectious agents such us bacterial, viruses, and fungi will intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons often termed Bioweapons Biological threat agents or Bio-agents are living organisms or replicating entities that reproduce or replicate with in their host victims. Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain a strategic or tactical advantage over an adversary, either by threats or by actual deployments, but biological weapons should not be developed, acquired, stockpiled or deployed by nation states or by non-national groups because biological weapons are effective means of spreading terror and may become the weapon of choice, it will have a significant impact on the resources of the healthcare system and it has a long lasting psychological effect and psych-social challenges for many peo ple. There are many reasons why biological agents are effective means of spreading terror and may become the weapon of choices. Depending on the choice of agent and method of dissemination, biological agents can be used as indiscriminate weapons of mass destruction (WMD), a means of targeting racial or ethnic groups, or a way to attack a population at a specific time. Even the treat of biological weapons can provoke widespread panic; and disruption of communities, health care systems and governments. Biological attacks have occurred throughout history and are likely to continue in the future. Just as seen on 11 September 2001, terrorist used hijacked passenger planes loaded with jet fuel as explosion devices at the pentagon and world trade center, killing approximately 3000. This attack awakened the public to the idea that terrorist have the will and means of inflicting harm on citizens. Following the September 11th attack, letters with anthrax were mailed to targeted list of media and political personalities caused 22 infections and 5 deaths. Another religious cult in Japan proved both the ease and the difficulties of using biological weapons. In 1995, the Aum Shinrikyo cult used Sarin gas in the Tokyo subway killing 12 train passengers and injuring more than 5000. A government or an organization eager to incapacitate or kill and incite disorder might be tempted to use biological weapons because of their availability, lethality, dissemination techniques, and anonymity and difficulty of detection. Availability Biological agents are often simpler to acquire and produce than nuclear, chemical or some conventional weapons. The material for biological agents can be easily grown or purchased. Some agents, such as anthrax or brucellosis, occur naturally in animals in certain parts of the world, and individuals can easily travel the globe to acquire biological agents from regions where such diseases occur naturally. For example, the Aum Shinrikyo cult was reported to have gone to Zaire to collect strains of Ebola for use in its bioweapons program. Until recently, anyone could order agents from supply houses around the world. In 1995, American type culture collection (ATTC), a mail order company that provides biological products, shipped anthrax to Saddam Husseins Bio warfare program in Iraq, Lethality Biological agents can be extremely lethal, with some agents creating much more deadly affects than others. According to Department of Defense, ten kilograms of anthrax could cause more casualties that a 10 kiloton nuclear weapon. In a model comparing the lethality of a chemical, biological and nuclear attack on Washington DC, OAT estimated that an anthrax attack would yield between 30,000-100,000 deaths per kilometer squared. In contrast, an atomic bomb would result in 23,000-80,000 deaths per kilometer squared. And a Sarin gas attack would cause between60-200 deaths per kilometer squared. Anthrax is a non-communicable disease, which means that only the people who are exposed to the initial attack will become ill or die. Communicable diseases, on the other hand, not only infect an initial cohort of exposed people, but then those individuals can transmit the disease to whomever they came in contact with, depending on the virulence and infectiousness of the agent. Smallpox was eradicated from humans in the 1970s, but samples of the agent were kept in storage in the United States and Siberia. Some of the samples kept in Siberia were

EXPLAIN WHY THE CHIEFDOMS OF THE PRE-COLOMBIAN CARRIBEAN ARE MORE Essay

EXPLAIN WHY THE CHIEFDOMS OF THE PRE-COLOMBIAN CARRIBEAN ARE MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO THOSE IN NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA THAN TEH CHIEFDOMS AND STATES IN MESOAMERICA - Essay Example The chiefdoms of the Pre-Colombian Caribbean were closely related to those of the Northern South America. They were different from the Mesoamerican state because of the societal classification that existed. Before the arrival of the European communities, Costa Rica was inhabited by diverse groups of people who had diverse cultures. It was principally divided into the intermediate are (isthmo-Colombian area) and the Mesoamerican area. The isthmo-Colombian area included the Caribbean and the South America. On the other hand, the Mesoamerican area extended from Chiapas and the Yucatan Peninsula to the Nicoya Peninsula (Diehls 17). The intermediate area was made up of different societies that were ruled by different chiefdoms. However, these communities would form alliances, vassalages and community ties despite lacking a sole authority. This enhanced the exchange of culture and rules of community organization these different societies. On the other hand, the Mesoamerican area was governed by a sole chiefdom (Adams 12). There was no specific interaction between the Intermediate and the Mesoamerican area. Pre-Colombian society also shared key characteristics with the northern South America society. Unlike Mesoamerica, the society was organized based on hereditary chiefdoms. The boundaries of the chiefdoms in pre-Colombia and Northern South America were demarcated by prominent geographical features or rivers. Most of the settlements were demarcated by forests. The eldest son was accorded the inheritance of chieftainship. This tradition was embraced by all of the non Mesoamerican chiefdoms (Adams 34). Another similarity of Pre-Colombian society with northern South American chiefdoms was in the housing structure. Grandchildren, children and parents lived under the same roof. This implied that clan houses harbored as many as 100 inhabitants (Bruhns 83).