Essay about It Is A Bad Idea To Legalize Marijuana

The Legalization of Marijuana Yes, I believe it is a great idea to legalize marijuana. What a great idea! Think of all the good benefits that could come about. The government could tax marijuana like they do tobacco, and it could help our economy out. Think of all the money that could be gathered with this taxing. The prison and jail populations would decline simply because a number of people in prison are there solely because of a marijuana conviction. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This would cost tax payers a lot less money, simply because it costs about twenty-seven thousand dollars a year to keep one person in prison. Thats just one person, and think of all the people in prison because of a marijuana conviction. Thats more than a†¦show more content†¦It can benefit us substantially with proper selling and buying. Hey we might as well legalize marijuana, because everyone is doing it anyway. If it was legal, you wouldnt have to hide it, or worry about smoking it. People would probably still look down on you for smoking marijuana, but you could look at them and say quot;hey at least its legal.quot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;No, what an absurd idea it is to even think about legalizing this horrendous drug-marijuana. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Everyone knows that marijuana is a gateway drug and can lead to other drugs, such as cocaine, LSD, heroin, the list goes on and on. Do you really want your kids smoking marijuana and trying other drugs? I dont think so. People would become so addicted to drugs that they would spend all of their money on it and eventually have to start stealing and pawning things just to help their ridiculous addiction. The crime rate would increase. The murder rate would double because of fiends losing their minds and going on a killing spree. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If marijuana was legalized, everyone would be stupid, because you know as well as I do that potheads are the dumbest people, next to crack heads of course. Marijuana smokers have a short term memory. Who knows, your adolescent pothead could easily turn into an adult coke head or a crack head perhaps. MarijuanaShow MoreRelatedLegalization of medical marijuana at the federal law Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesWhy should marijuana be legalized? Marijuana can be argued for different reasons. In my case I will be arguing the medical purposes for legalizing marijuana. Marijuana has positive features, and how people prefer using marijuana. Marijuana helps individuals get through a variety of things that they suffer. Marijuana provides relief from pain, rather than other medications out there. Many individuals prefer marijuana over anything else to relax. An argument on why people using marijuana spend moreRead MoreRunning Head : Legalize Marijuana1528 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: Legalize Marijuana Pro-Legalization of Marijuana in California Mirna Abujudeh CSUSB Mary Dolan PSYCH 105 T/R Intaking Marijuana for Medical Purposes Should be Legal for the Sick and Ill in California Marijuana has been achieving euphoria for humans since ancient times; the use spread from China to India and then to North Africa and Europe as early as A.D. 500. Cannabis is said to contain over 400 different chemicals, the main ingredient that impinge the mind is THC. TheRead MoreEssay on Research on Legalizing Marijuana1492 Words   |  6 PagesLegalize It Lobdell 1 Legalize It Legalizing Marijuana has been a controversial and extremely volatile topic ever since the 1970’s. Many people hold strong beliefs regarding this topic and the subsequent laws that have been passed in certain states for the use of the recreational drug. 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Now as a kid you don’t really understand the reasoning behind it, but you listen to your authority figure regardless. I remember being told this my entire life and even to this very day. But as I got older I realized that people would still use drugs even though it’’s illegal. I could never understand why someone would go against the law and jeopardize their life just to use drugs? The drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana Legalize; Yea or Nay? Why is pot illegal? Kevin O’Leary an Entrepreneur, Investor, and TV Personality states, â€Å"You either make it illegal, in which case you support a huge underground economy, or you tax it within the limits people can afford.† The legalization of pot will give a wider access for medical use, it will give a boost to the economy, more effective criminal justice and law enforcement, and it has multipurpose value. The country is currently divided on the issue of legalizationRead MoreEssay about Marijuana Should Not Be Legalized680 Words   |  3 PagesMarijuana is a green or brown mix of preserved, crushed leaves from the marijuana plant. A psychoactive drug, marijuana contains fifty-percent more tar than tobacco. Smoking the harmful plant can damage the brain, lungs, and the male reproductive system and may escalate the effects of epilepsy and psychosis (Kahler, 1988). Within campus colleges and universities, there are a lot of students who are using marijuana recreatio nally. Long-term marijuana use can induce negative effects on short-term memoryRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana: the financial, medical, social, and political benefits1349 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Brandon Smith Professor Gregor ENGL 1102 21 April 2014 Legalization of Marijuana: the financial, social, medical, and political benefits. The legalization of marijuana has been a topic of debate for many years. This may be because of the cultural diversity that the United States of America is known for. Recently, bills were passed in Colorado and Washington to implement the legalization and regulation of recreational marijuana use. These events along with the ever growing popularity of the drug inRead More Legalization of Marijuana Essay592 Words   |  3 Pages Marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marijuana is a big topic these days. Many people want to make sure that marijuana stays illegal. Yet they do not know all the facts about marijuana. They just think that marijuana is bad. I believe that marijuana should be made legal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, marijuana refers to the dried leaves and flowers of the cannabis plant, which contain the narcotic chemical THC at various potencies. It is smoked or eaten to produce the feeling of being high. Marijuana has been used forRead MoreDrugs Case For Legalizing Marijuana By Gore Vidal Case Study744 Words   |  3 Pagesessay, Drugs: Case for Legalizing Marijuana†, Gore Vidal argues his solution, to legalize all drugs along with marijuana, to end drug addiction. Marijuana along with other drugs should not be legalized because they will cause more harm than good, begin leading to drug after drug, and would forever affect the world. Drugs aren’t just bad for some people, they are bad for everyone. Vidal states â€Å"Label each drug with a precise description of what effect-good or bad- the drug will have on whoever takes

John Stuart Mill s Philosophy On The Morality And Ethical...

Looking at anything through the lens of different philosophical ideologies will show a variety of differing opinions on the morality or ethical nature of the subject. Cloning can be viewed a few different ways based on the teachings in philosophy one follows. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a branch of philosophy, which bases its understanding of right action on consequences. More precisely, an act is considered right if it creates the most happiness (pleasure), and the least pain, for the greatest number of people affected by that action. In this way, utilitarianism is sometimes called a moral calculus. A utilitarian approach to cloning would look at the results of using cloned humans or cloned organs to determine the morality of that action. Because a cloned person could have the potential to save many lives through use of their organs, a utilitarian like John Stuart Mill would argue that cloning is morally acceptable due to the maximized utility. Kantian Immanuel Kant is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. Kant sought to refute thinkers like David Hume and John Stuart Mill. Kantian Philosophy is considered deontological in that it holds that an action is right in and of itself without appeal to consequences. According to Kant, a faculty of the human mind called practical reason makes demands on us. Practical reason demands that one act out of respect for the moral law. After describing how human cloning could be used to benefit humanity as aShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill Essay2002 Words   |  9 PagesTwo of the most widely known ethical philosophers are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. While they may have philosophized around the same time period, the philosophers have very different ideas about ethics and happiness. Immanuel Kant, author of Duty and Reason, believed in the morality of the good will and duty. He espoused that happiness is an irrelevancy insofar as fulfilling duty is the most i mportant aspect of leading a moral life. Conversely, John Stuart Mill, who wrote, The Greatest HappinessRead More Immanuel Kants Ethics Of Pure Duty and John Stuart Mills Utilitarian Ethics Of Justice2753 Words   |  12 PagesImmanuel Kants The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals and John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of morality in terms of how moral traditions are formed. Immanuel Kant has presented one viewpoint in The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals that is founded on his belief that the worth of man is inherent in his ability to reason. John Stuart Mill holds another opinion as presented in the book, Utilitarianism thatRead MoreNormative Theories Of Ethics And Its Principles2769 Words   |  12 PagesNormative theories of ethics The area of philosophy which is concerned with systematizing, defending and recommendation the concepts of right and wrong is briefly defined as ethics. Thus, ethics can be consider as a set of moral rules practiced by a group of people or community. The origin of word Ethics is greece, derived from the word ‘ethikos’, meaning habit. The theories of ethics and its principles are the standing pillars of ethical analysis. These ethical theories are always aimed towards a commonRead More Kant and Mills Theories Essay example2128 Words   |  9 Pagesfor killing Dr. John Britton, an abortion performing doctor, and James Barrett, a volunteer, outside a clinic in Pensacola, Florida. Prior to this, Hill commented on the murder of Dr. David Gunn, another abortion performing doctor, stating that it was a â€Å"biblically justified homicide (P. 215).† This statement shows how strong Hill’s beliefs were and leads one to assume that he did not regret killing Britton and Barrett. This paper will address the Hill case and determine the ethical parameter in whichRead MoreLeading Ethical Theories Of Ethics1891 Words   |  8 PagesLeading Ethical Theories Consequentialism Deontology Virtue Theory example Mill s utilitarianism Kantian ethics Aristotle s moral theory abstract description An action is right if it promotes the best consequences. An action is right if it is in accordance with a moral rule or principle. An action is right if it is what a virtuous agent would do in the circumstances. more concrete specification The best consequences are those in which happiness is maximized. A moral rule is one that is requiredRead MoreThe Ethical Theories Of Utilitarianism And Deontological Morals1917 Words   |  8 Pagesa philosophical rationalization for an ethical conclusion, while â€Å"you should donate to disaster relief since God demands it, or as it will generate heavenly rewards to you† are religious as opposed to philosophical rationalizations (Hartman, L., 2017). This document will introduce two noteworthy ethical frameworks which are validated instrumental in the development of business ethics and which include an extremely rational significance in assessing ethical concerns in contemporary business: UtilitarianismRead MoreThe Ethical Theories Of Utilitarianism And Deontological Morals2353 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction This document will introduce two noteworthy ethical frameworks which are validated instrumental in the development of business ethics and which include an extremely rational significance in assessing ethical concerns in contemporary business: Utilitarianism and deontological morals (Hartman, L., 2017). Part A: Comparison/contrast the ethical theories of Utilitarianism and Kantian The first ethical tradition is Utilitarianism, an ethical hypothesis constructed and cultivated in the contemporaryRead MoreEthics And Its Impact On Moral Diversity2916 Words   |  12 PagesEthics, often referred to as moral philosophy, is a division of philosophy which involves arranging, defending and advising ideas of right and wrong behavior. Ethics often addresses stances of moral diversity. Moral diversity is the extent to which differing decision-makers in a population display preferences for different methods of evaluation. â€Å"The word â€Å"Ethics† comes from the Greek term â€Å"ethics from ethos†, in turn basically means custom or habit.†(1) What is Right? The concepts of right andRead MoreNotes On Theories Of Ethics3296 Words   |  14 PagesMarcus Bratton Philosophy Basil Smith 12/4/2014 Theories of Ethics Ethics, often referred to as moral philosophy, is a division of philosophy which involves arranging, defending and advising ideas of right and wrong behavior. Ethics often addresses stances of moral diversity. Moral diversity is the extent to which differing decision-makers in a population display preferences for different methods of evaluation. â€Å"The word â€Å"Ethics† comes from the Greek term â€Å"ethics from ethos†, in turn basicallyRead More Ethical Theories  and Major Moral Principles Essay5111 Words   |  21 Pagesethics, in other words, ethics is individual. The amazing thing about ethical theory, however, is not that there are so many theories, but that there are really very few. Most of contemporary ethical theory is governed by two basic theories, with an additional five or six theories taking up the vast majority of the rest of the discussion. Over the course of the next few pages I will explain to you the basics of eight different ethical theorie s: utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, contractarianism, feminist

Babi Yar 2 free essay sample

Babi Yar # 8211 ; Analysis Of The Poem Essay, Research Paper Yevtushenko speaks in first individual throughout the verse form. This creates the tone of him being in the places of the Jews. As he says in lines 63-64, # 8220 ; No Judaic blood is assorted in mine, but allow me be a Jew. . . # 8221 ; He writes the verse form to arouse compassion for the Jews and do others aware of their adversities and unfairnesss. # 8220 ; Merely so can I name myself Russian. # 8221 ; ( lines 66-67 ) . The poet writes of a future clip when the Russian people realize that the Jews are people as good accept them as such. If you hate the Jews, he asks, why non detest me as good? True peace and integrity will merely happen when they have accepted everyone, including the Jews. Stanza I describes the wood of Babi Yar, a ravine on the outskirts of Kiev. It was the site of the Nazi slaughter of more than 30 thousand Russian Jews on September 29-30, 1941. There is no commemoration to the 30 1000, but fear pervades the country. Fear that such a thing could happen at the custodies of other worlds. The poet feels the persecution and hurting and fright of the Jews who stood at that place in this topographic point of horror. Yevtushenko makes himself an Israelite slave of Egypt and a sufferer who died for the interest of his faith. In lines 7-8, he claims that he still bars the Markss of the persecution of the yesteryear. There is still awful persecution of the Jews in present times because of their faith. These lines serve as the passage from the Biblical and ancient illustrations he gives to the allusions of more recent Acts of the Apostless of hatred. The lines besides allude to the fact that these Russian Jews who were murdered at Babi Yar were martyrs every bit good. The following ezza reminds us of another event in Judaic history where a Jew was persecuted entirely because of his spiritual beliefs. The poet refers to the # 8220 ; pettiness # 8221 ; ( line 11 ) of antisemitism as the cause of Dreyfus # 8217 ; imprisonment. Anti-semitism is his # 8220 ; informer # 8221 ; ( line 12 ) when he is framed, and antisemitism is his # 8220 ; justice # 8221 ; ( line 12 ) when he is wrongly found guilty. Lines 13-14 claim that even the mulct and purportedly civilised adult females of society shun Dreyfus because he is a Hebrew and fear him like they would fear an animate being. In ezza III, Yevtushenko brings himself to the thick of the pogroms of Bielostok. He gives the readers the image of a immature male child on the floor being beaten and shed blooding while he witnesses others crush his female parent. In line 24, he gives the reader the principle of the Russians who are bring downing such atrociousnesss on the Jews. # 8220 ; # 8216 ; Murder the Hebrews! Save Russia! # 8217 ; # 8221 ; They view the Jews as the expletive of Russia ; a Judaic pestilence that must stop in order to salvage their state from immorality. In a manner they think that they are moving in nationalism. The poet transports us to Anne Frank # 8217 ; s Attic in the 4th ezza. He describes to the reader the guiltless love that has blossomed between Anne and Paul. Her love of the universe and life and spring has been denied her ( line 30 ) . Yet, she manages to happen comfort for her loss in the embracing of her beloved. In line 33, Yevtushenko shows the reader Anne # 8217 ; s denial of what is traveling on around her. She tries to drown out the noise of the Nazis coming to acquire her. When her cherished spring comes, so make the war and the Nazis to take her to her decease. Stanza V brings us back to the ravine of Babi Yar. In line 40, the poet chooses to body the trees. They # 8220 ; gaze down # 8221 ; on him in opinion as G-d would. Line 41 is oxymoronic. There is a soundless mourning for the martyred Hebrews by the air ; a force in nature. The air around Babi Yar ululation for the slaughter it has witnessed. The poet himself claims to be # 8220 ; an eternal soundless howl/ over the buried # 8221 ; ( lines 43-44 ) . He is a griever for the 30 1000, but there is nil that can be said. He writes that vitamin E is every one of 30 1000 and experience their hurting and unfairness. # 8220 ; In no limb of my organic structure can I forget. # 8221 ; ( line 57 ) . His physical organic structure feels their hurting. # 8220 ; Limbs # 8221 ; depicts an image of lacerate organic structures in the mass grave of Babi Yar. Stanza VI begins with Yevtushenko reminding the Russian people of their ability to be good hearted and moral. He speaks of # 8220 ; work forces with dirty custodies # 8221 ; ( lines 52-53 ) . Fascists, Nazis whose custodies are covered in the blood of the inexperienced person, come to Russia and do the Russians to shut their greathearted Black Marias. The tone of lines 52-54 is barbarous and harsh like the actions of the Nazis. These hateful people claim to bring # 8220 ; the brotherhood of the Russian people # 8221 ; ( line 59 ) . He makes a point of mentioning to these people as # 8220 ; anti-Semites # 8221 ; ( line 57 ) because the Hebrews are Russians, excessively. The Nazis in consequence have turned Russian against Russian # 8211 ; barely a # 8220 ; union. # 8221 ; In the last ezza, the poet calls for universe integrity which will merely occur when antisemitism has ended. He is non a Jew, yet he equates himself to one. If all Russians are people, so the Jews are no less Russian or less human than he himself. If this is the manner you treat these Russian people, he is seeking to show, so handle me, a # 8220 ; existent # 8221 ; Russian, as you have treated the Russian Jews. Merely so will all Russians genuinely be united and equal. Yevtushenko is a protagonist of the Judaic predicament. He sees the unfairness that they have been capable to and feels responsible for it in a manner. He tries to apologize why his people, the Russians, have acted so amorally and blames their actions on the influence of others. He calls to his people to reform ; at the same time pressing the Hebrews non to fault them wholly for their actions and to demo that they do hold natural goodness within them.

Sauls Enthronement A Popular Choice, A Prophetic Coup, Or A Personality Cult Essay Example

Sauls Enthronement: A Popular Choice, A Prophetic Coup, Or A Personality Cult Essay The content of I Samuel 8-12 outline Saul the first king of Israels rise to power, and as B.C. Birch points out 1 Samuel especially chapters 8-12 are crucial in any attempt to understand the development of the Israelite kingship, as this is practically the only written source recording the transformation from tribal league to a monarchy.1 However, the accounts within these chapters are inconsistent making any attempt to understand the emergence of the monarchy troublesome, as differing interpretations can be attributed to it. When evaluated in the light of theories of state formation these accounts on the whole are inconsistent with what is known about the complex processes of state formation through archeology and anthrolology. Although, in a more implicit manner they are suggestive of a premonarchic Israel proposed by recent theories of state formation. According to V. P. Long 1 Samuel 8-12 is a complex literary challenge2, as the rise of the monarchy in is accounted for in five differing pericopes (chap.8; 9.1-10.16; 10.17-27; 11; 12), all of which contain contradictory information, both in events and attitudes to the monarchy itself.3 Two of the pericopes (chapters 8 12) talk about kingship in general with no reference to Saul, whilst the other three (9.1-10.16; 10.17-27; 11) outline his election to the kingship. Although two or possible three of the pericopes present the monarchy in a favourable light the Deuteronomistic editors change this impression by framing the pericopes with chapters 8 and 12 which through the speech and attitude of the Prophet Samuel reflect their negative opinion of the monarchy.4 We will write a custom essay sample on Sauls Enthronement: A Popular Choice, A Prophetic Coup, Or A Personality Cult specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sauls Enthronement: A Popular Choice, A Prophetic Coup, Or A Personality Cult specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sauls Enthronement: A Popular Choice, A Prophetic Coup, Or A Personality Cult specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sauls enthronement according to the biblical texts could be interpreted in many differing ways. It was a popular choice in that the elders request Samuel for a king in both chapter 8 and 10.17-27, although this request in chapter 8 was not for any specific person. According to D. V. Edelman the peoples request for a king was based on the realisation that Israel needed to move away from the insecure judgeship to a more permanent leadership represented by the dynastic monarchy.5 Certain physical chracteristic were often a requisite for kingship in the surrounding nations of Israel and reference are also made to Sauls height and physical chractersitics (9.2; 10.23), so perhaps this too may account for his accention to kingship through his kind of popular appeal. In 9.1-10.16., however, this request does not appear, instead it is implied the initiative for the establishment of the monarchy came from Yahweh, who chooses Saul. The evidence for Sauls enthronement being a political coup is perhaps signified here in that a local unknown seer who later turns out to be Samuel rises to fame because he was instrumental in Sauls rise to kingship. In the other accounts, however, in the event of Sauls election Samuels position as Judge is undermined, although he retains his position of intermediary to Yahweh. Sauls enthronement could also be seen as a personality cult, for in chapter 11 he is portrayed as a charismatic leader, when military prowess earns him the kingship, and here too Saul is proclaimed King by popular consent. It is this pericope that N. P. Lemche believes to be the most credibility account of Sauls election, even though it is very similar to other accounts of heroic deeds in the book of Judges, for in I Samuel 10.17-27 Saul is elected king through lot, the use of which according to Lemche seems very unlikely in deciding such an important issue.6 The question is however, how does the above relate to recent theories of state formation in Israel. Many of the traditional histories of early Israel are in most cases just rehashes of the biblical texts, and due to the lack of clear archaeological evidence for the rise of the monarchy the biblical material takes an important place in attempts to reconstruct its emergence. Texts such as I Samuel 8.5; 10.19 in which the elders ask Samuel for a king imply the introduction of kingship was a complete break with what had gone before, and the standard hypothesis regarding the introduction of the monarchy also regards it as a distinct break with premonarchic tradition. The emergence of the monarchy is also attributed to the external pressure of the Philistines (8:10.1; 11-15) and many traditional and some more recent theories of state formation also represent the introduction of the moanrch as a reaction Philistines pressure. A. Kuhrt as an example of more a recent study of Israel, argues that at some point before the emergence of the monarchy segmentary groups linked together to form tribes and these tribes in turn also united together to form a inter-tribal federation, which held their meetings at sanctuaries dedicated to their God Yahweh. Ultiamtely Kurht argues, due to the constant external threat presented, for example, by the Edonmites, Ammonites and the Philistines a charismatic leader emerged or saviour-Judge whose function was to protect the tribes from all crisises. The monarchy emerged due to the national crisis created by Israels defeat at the hands of the Philistines and their loss of the Ark at Aphek. The need arose therefore, for a continuous leadership which was acceptable to all and from this arises Saul who proves his ability for kingship through his charismatic leadership in war.7 The older more traditional accounts of Israels history also present the rise of the monarchy in this fashion, for example, S. Herrmann in A History of Israel in Old Testament Times is typical of this view: All this confirms the common view that the monarchy was a late phenomenon in Israel, forced on it by historical circumstances and essentially alien to its original nature.8 Although on many points M. Noth and J. Bright disagree widely they both too account for the emergence of the monarchy as a reaction the external threat of the Philistines which threatened the existence of Israel itself. Bright tries to reconcile the conflicting notions that although foreign to Israel their monarchy was unique to them,9 which according to R. B. Coote K. W. Whitelam (CW) reveals the fundamental methodological problem common to all traditional histories of early Israel, in that not one is capable of accounting for social change. Other scholars such as Soggin, Mendenhall and Gottwald although quite critically of the biblical accounts they are also unable to explain social change in Israel by no other method but external forces. Therefore, their views on the rise of the monarchy do not deviate significantly from the standard approach, although Gottwald purports however, that the Philistine influence was as only one of many factors contributing to the social changes in Is rael.10 On the whole however, many traditional and some more recent models of state formation in Israel present the monarchy as an alien institution. CW point out that care has to be taken when using biblical texts as historical data especially in relation to the rise of the monarchy (I Samuel 8-12) as this is written from a Deutrononmitic standpoint which reinforces the prophetic view that the monarchy was an alien institution.11 CW goes on to argue: It is not sufficient to assume the existence of the monarchy as some kind of alien institution, but rather to ask how and why the transition occurred.12 They also emphases the need to address the continuities between premonarchic Israel and that of the state, without which one cannot make sense of the development of the monarchy.13 Premonarchic Israel according to CW was a segmentary society made up of a loose federation of groups or tribes, so the question is therefore, what were the internal circumstances that made the fragmented occupants of Canaan accept the leadership of a king. According to CW the best approach to the origin of the state is to adopt the method advocated by Cohen. He proposes that the prestate polities like the chiefdoms had a tendency to fission when subjected to a certain levels of friction, and that states were only formed when fission was unacceptable or impossible or where a particular group gained the advantage over the others by opening up their resources. Cohen goes on to question what then were the factors which made the premonarchic groups of Israel fuse into to a state rather than breaking up.14 CW suggests that Carneiros circumscription theory may help to explain the processes that led to an Israelite state in the early Iron Age. Circumscription which means to enclose, is according to Carneiros theory a combination of environmental and/or social practices which can counter any tendency for a society to fission. Israels position in the central highland of southern Palestine was circumscribed by environmental factors such as arid steppe lands and desert, and such environmental factors were important influences in how the peoples in these areas adapted to these conditions. The Israelites were also socially circumscribed by lowland city states, the assault of nomadic raiders and the Philistines from the coast. Therefore, according to CW through a combination of this environmental and social circumscription also other internal and external factors the Israelite state was formed, and as such the rise of the monarchy was not an alien institution: the Monarchy was not a paradox, as has been intimated, but the result of the same major shift in highland infrastructure that marked the success of Israels emergence.15 F. S. Frick also argues that the tribal society of premonarchic Israel may have suffered from continous social disintegration through their inability to absorb large groups of outsiders as they were seem as a threat to the tribes constitutions and culture. The chieftain he continues emerged through the desire to incorporate and avoid social fission, the position of which represented stability through the presence of a permenent political structure.16 Service questions how a chiefdom can be discriminated from a state, but Frick argues that even within a Chiefdon fission can occur although this is rarer than in a segmentary soceity.17 According to CW over a long period of time and through a lengthily train of events and changing circumstances the hill country and the Palestian margins were changed from a decentralised area of low production and low military costs, to an area of institutionalised intensification over which the monarchy ruled, and the reasons for this shift were numerable. Israel emerged in the midst of a decline in trade but made us of the developing economic base of agriculture. Commitment to agriculture encouraged settled village life rather than social disintegration, as terrace farming and tree crops particulary demanded long term investment, commitment and residential stability.18 F. S. Frick argues that this agricultural intensification necessitated the development of specialisation for more labour efficiency, and that a hierarchical organisation or chiefdom emerged when the labour needs required an efficiency beyond what could be supplied by the household or residential group. So in order to avoid social disintegration the chief would direct and organise exchange between the differing sections of society which insured the stability of production.19 The developing intensification of agriculture therefore it is suggested led to the implementation of a hierarchical structure which gave rise to the chief. The implication of which suggests a social stratification within premonarchic Israel as opposed to the strict egalitarian society suggested in Biblical narratives. CW suggest however, that there are indications of social stratification in the stories of the Judges, for in many places there are stories of rich rulers or chiefs. With such literature as already signified care has to be taken with the Deuteronomistic bias, but scholars such as Halpern still consider it evidence of stratification in early Israel. Frick identifies Saul and David as chiefs, and it is speculated by W. Richter when Samuel (1 Samuel 9-10.16) uses the term nagid or prince when anointing Saul, argued that nagid was the successor to the saviour figures or Judges of the premonarchic period but more significantly Schmidt argues that nagid was referring to a chief of the tribal militia.20 CW maintain therefore, that the monarchy arose based upon an already existent social structure, which had been in place and developed from Israels emergence.21 Frick continues that the adoption of chiefdoms and their use of clientship, that is those who are dependent upon the chief and loyalty is to him, by tribal Israel was the first step to centralisation. Loyalty Chief may occur because they are successful in obtaining and distributing resources, because they are successful as leaders in war, or because they are successful in being viewed as charismatic persons. The appointment of non kin rather than relatives was also a vital step towards statehood as this created a central beaurocracy in which membership depended on loyalty to the one who did the appointing, rather than family ties.22 Archeological evidence has also served as evidence of the rise of a centralised state, and according to Ahoroni the emergence of fortified sites such as Tel Ira and Negev were in a very different vein than what had gone before it, the understaking of which would have required a centralised political adminstation of a monarchy.23 Centralisation according to CW could have been a ploy of a elite minority to preserve the power that their developing wealth had created. Bibilical material also seems to reflect a struggle between the wealthy landowners and the pooerer villages represented by the rural priesthood. This might help to explain the bias of the priesthood against the monarchy in for example, I Samuel 8-12. The monarchy therefore may have been the means whereby an emergent upper class exacted the costs of national defence from the villages and smallholders whilst also controlling internal trade. Frick also argues that centralisation also gave the incentive to wage war , but the latter also necessitated for a strong military leadership and an efficient admistrative machine in order to perform the functions of taxing in order to keep a standing army. To conclude, the biblical texts on one hand present the monarchy as being an alien institution and a break with premonarchic Israel. Recent theories on state formation however believe this to be a fallacy, although modern scholars such as Kurht argue that state formation in Israel was primarily due to the external pressure of the Philistines. It is argued however, that the monarchy was not a break with any pre-state tradition, but the result of a natural evolution and social change within Isrealite soceity due to social and enviromental circumscription, which may have possible been spurred on at the last due to external pressure. The evidence of a standing army in the biblical accounts, for example is suggestive of the existence of a developed machine in which taxes could be collected to maintain it. If such as machine existed this is indicative of a developing centralised authority, something which could not be created over night through the whims of the people for a king. Could, however, such a sophisticated organisation have existed prior to the monarchal age in the midst of the mostly troublesome Israelite tribes? It has been suggested the monarchy came about through the ploy of an elite minority and in this sense Sauls enthronment could not be seen as a popular choice, but perhaps it was made acceptable by attributing his kingship to divine will. Sauls enthronment may have occured through a personality cult For is Saul is to be seen as a chief, which Frick suggests he may have been, loyalty was gained by clients through many chracteristics but partcularly their charamatic leadership and their ability in war. This is particularly siginificant to the rise of Saul for through his ability in war against the Ammorites he gained the allegiance of the Israelites and was proclaimed king at Gilgel.